Why every other Swede was poor in 1850

Almost every Swede has poor ancestors

Most people with Swedish ancestors, have ancestors who were poor. Because every other Swede was poor in 1850.

You will see it in the titles. They were crofters, backstugusittare or inhyseshjon, maids, farmhands, and day laborers. Sometimes there’s a comment saying utfattig (penniless). Or they were living på socknen, without steady residence in the parish.

Rural Swedes were free farmers

Unlike other parts of Europe, Sweden never had serfdom. Slavery was abolished during the 13^th and 14^th centuries [1]. The population largely consisted of four social groups, referred to as stånd: The nobility, the priesthood, the bourgeoisie, and the peasants. The Swedish peasants were free farmers.

The growth of the poor

But the beginning of the 19^th century saw a rise in the unpropertied population. In 1750 the rural population consisted of 80% farmers. During the next one hundred years, the unpropertied population would increase four times. In 1850 the rural population was half farmers, half the unpropertied. Together they made up 90% of the population of Sweden. So nearly every other Swede was poor in 1850.

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The population started growing in the 1820. The number of of births increased, while the death rate stabilized. The cause is debated. Maybe it was because the 19^th century gave Sweden peace, potatoes, and vaccine. Or maybe because the economic growth made people less vulnerable to parasites. The population growth would take off in 1840. And as the population grew, the demographics shifted [2].

So where did the poor come from? The unpropirtied were the children and grandchildren of farmers. The tradition was that the young served as farmhands and maids until marriage, when they took over a farm from their parents. With more children surviving until adulthood, many found themselves without a farm to inherit.

Life of the poor in the 19th century

Whole families were left without residence. They would have to wander between farms and hope to be taken in for the night. Some would stay permanently in the same household as inhyseshjon, supported by the parish. Many were able to set up a cabin on the common land or the land of a farmer.

These cabins were without land and were called backstuga. They could be huts in the ground, or regular houses. The inhibitants were backstugusittare.

Given how many Swedes were living under theses conditions, you are likely to find at least a few of the unpropertied in your ancestry. It’s not hard to see that many of them wanted to move away, is it?

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Sources

1. Träl, Wikpedia, https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A4l retrieved 2020-02-27.
2. Schön, Lennart, En modern svensk ekonomisk historia tillväxt och omvandling under två sekel. SNS Förlag 2009.
3. Sveriges folkmängd från 1749 och fram till idag, SCB, https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/artiklar/2017/sveriges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag/ retrieved 2020-02-27.
4. Otto Robert Landelius, Åsle socken. Backstuga på Åsle Tå. 13 Sept. 1967. VMO08694, Vänersborgs museum, 1967, CC BY-SA.
5. Hasslöf, Olof (1901 – 1994), UMFA53810:1283, Bohusläns museum, CC PDM.

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